| y^x
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y to the power of x (also seen as y**x or yx) |
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| ^Key
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Ctrl + another Key |
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| /
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divided by (see calculator for operator precedence) |
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| *
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multiplied by (see calculator for operator precedence) |
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| abs(x), |x|
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absolute value of x without regard to sign |
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| alpha, α
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significance level of a hypothesis test (also type I error rate). 1-a is the level of the confidence interval |
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| ANOVA
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analysis of variance
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| beta, β
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type II error rate (1-power)
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| CI
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confidence interval, see confidence intervals |
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| df
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degrees of freedom
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| e
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base of natural logarithms (2.718281...) |
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| k!
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factorial , in simplest terms factorial of k is the product of all integers from 1 to k, with 0! defined as 1, a fuller definition relates factorial to the gamma function as gamma (k+1) which enables the calculation of fractional factorials |
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| ln(x)
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natural (base e) logarithm of x, the natural logarithm of x is the value of y such that x is equal to the e constant raised to the power of y, remember that ln(1) = 0, ln(0) = minus infinity and ln(a/b)=ln(a)-ln(b), see also transformations |
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| MS
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mean square |
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| μ
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mean of a population - see also  |
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| n
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sample size (population sized is usually referred to as N) |
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| P
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probability of the data (or more extreme data) arising by chance, see P values |
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| p
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proportion of a sample with a given characteristic |
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q hat, the hat symbol above the q means "estimate of" |
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| r
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Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient |
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| SD
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standard deviation (of a sample,  ) - a measure of variability around the mean - Greek lower case sigma (σ) is used for population standard deviation. |
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| SE
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standard error (of sample mean,  ) - a measure of uncertainty of the estimate of a statistic (e.g. sample mean) and used to derive confidence intervals for the population value of the statistic |
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| sqr(x)
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square root of x, or  |
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sum of all (1 to n) x values |
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product of all (1 to n) x values (x1 * x2 * x3 etc.) |
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| VAR
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variance (of the mean,  ), greek σ² for populations and s² for samples |
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| vs. |
versus |
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| x
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individual value from a population or sample |
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x bar (bar symbol above the x denotes mean) is a sample mean (arithmetic mean,  ), see also μ |
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| z, Φ |
standardized normal deviate (from standard normal distribution) |